Most insect parasitoids are related to two insect orders, diptera and hymenoptera, some having a specific host while others have a vast host range. Insect parasitoid species respond to forest structure at. This analysis of the biology of parasitoids also examines their behaviour, ecology and. Download it once and read it on your kindle device, pc, phones or tablets. Chemical compounds infochemicals or semiochemicals play an important role both in intraspecific and interspecific communication. Chemical ecology of insects 2, chapman and hall, ny 1995. In these heteronomous species, females are generally endoparasitoids of sternorrhynchous hemiptera, such as scale insects, mealybugs, and whiteflies. Learning in the generalist tachinid parasitoid exorista mella. Biology, behavior and ecology discusses the influence of host preference and host specificity in biological control programs and their role in different. Protelean organisms are widely regarded as a special class of parasites, often referred to as parasitoids.
From theoretical approaches to field applications 9781405163477. Insect parasitoids are a fascinating group of animals in many respects. There are twelve superfamilies of parasitic wasps which are entirely or mainly parasitoid. He is also an expert in biological control, with more than 20 years experience of working with insect parasitoids. In contrast, males may be hyperparasitoids, developing in or on conspecific females or. The most direct measures of fitness for parasitoids are realised fecundity for females and mating ability for males, although these proxies are more difficult to measure under natural conditions. Factors influencing the evolution of clutch size in a. In response, parasitoids have evolved behavioural strategies in order to reduce the emission of alarm pheromone and thus aphid defences. There use as biological control agents against insect pests in the neotropics is explored in the last part of the chapter.
I begin by considering the relationship between adult size and fitness. The largest family are the ichneumons, with over 80,000 species in parasitoids the adult stage is freeliving. Chapter 5 genetics of the behavioral ecology of egg. Chapter 5 genetics of the behavioral ecology of egg parasitoids. The insect immune response and other putative defenses as. The evolutionary ecology of resistance to parasitoids by. Evolution and marine biology and marine science institute, university of california. The sex ratio is equal, as is the proportion of single and mixedsex broods. Developing parasitoids face a diversity of ecological. The evolutionary ecology of resistance to parasitoids by drosophila. Lastly, the increasing use of parasitoid wasps in augmentative biological control in latin america is discussed. J godfray published in 1994 in princeton nj by princeton university press. Ovicide in the whitefly parasitoid, encarsia formosa. Parasitoids are parasites whose larvae develop inside another organisms body.
Introduction parasitoids represent one of the most prevalent lifestyles on earth, second only to phytophagous insects, their major. This book synthesizes the work of both schools of parasitoid biology and asks how a consideration of evolutionary biology can help us understand the behavior, ecology, and diversity of the approximately one to two million species of parasitoid found on earth. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology find, read and cite all the research you need. Parasitoids and nonparasitic predators have different ecological and evolutionary responses to the same prey partly because of variation in how they interact with their prey. Employing evolutionary theory to improve biological pest. Ecological and evolutionary consequences of parasite. This research topic will include studies aimed at elucidating ecological and evolutionary aspects of parasitoids. Protelean parasites refer to insects that begin the juvenile phase of their lives as parasites and ultimately destroy or consume their host to emerge as freeliving adults. Parasitoids behavioral and evolutionary ecology princeton university press. The immobility allele is extremely rare, and so the frequency of gg females will be approximately zero.
Developing parasitoids face a diversity of ecological constraints, and parasitism success involves decisions and responses made by immature parasitoids to find a host and solve conflicts with. This book synthesizes the work of applied and theoretical biologists and asks how a consideration of evolutionary biology can help us to understand the behaviour, ecology and diversity of the approximately 12 million species of parasitoids principally in the orders hymenoptera and diptera, but also some members of the coleoptera, lepidoptera, neuroptera and at least one trichopteran found on. This analysis of the biology of parasitoids also examines their behaviour, ecology and great diversity. He is a parasitoid behavioral ecologist whose main center of interest is to enquire how individual behavior translates into population processes. Trophic transmission is a distinctive parasitic lifehistory strategy.
Behavioural ecology of insect parasitoids from theoretical approaches to field applications bepar 5 mathematical techniques. The field of chemical ecology of insect parasitoids shows some of these promising developments. The latter is an utterly underexplored area in chemical ecology. Galls as a disputed resource for female parasitoid wasps contests. Known for a long time to applied biologists for their importance in regulating the population densities of economic pests, parasitoids have recently proven to be valuable tools in testing many aspects of evolutionary theory. The general host selection behavior of parasitoid hymenoptera. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to predation among parasitoids, strategies range from living. Clutch size has since become a significant aspect of behavioural ecology and lacks original hypothesis has been. Hostinstar selection in the aphid parasitoid monoctonus. Similarly, parasites can cause hosts to adopt defensive strategies that reduce infection risk.
Gce ecology of immature parasitoids 41 of parasitized individuals with no reproductive potential that serves to decrease risk of parasitism to related individuals by eliminating the parasitoid contained. Asymmetric larval mobility and the evolutionary transition. Herbivorous insects have evolved an arsenal of defenses against natural enemies, including chemical, behavioral, morphological, and physiological characteristics, or a combination of each. Pdf olfactory conditioning in mate searching by the. Refuge evolution and the population dynamics of coupled. A females potential fecundity as measured by the number of ovarial eggs at eclosion varied with her size and larval ontogeny. An exotic parasitoid provides an invasional lifeline for. Parasitoids flip a coin before deciding to superparasitize. Cecile le lann, bertanne visser, joan van baaren, jacques j. Understanding the ecology and the evolutionary processes of parasitoids will enhance our knowledge of how these biological control agents can be used for the advancement of an integrated pest management. In contrast to the hymenoptera, learning in dipteran parasitoids is relatively unstudied. Clutch size is defined as the number of eggs deposited in a single reproductive bout godfray 1994, and lack 1947, studying birds, was the first to suggest that females should lay the number of eggs that maximizes the number of offspring surviving from that clutch. Recently, there has been exciting progress in our understanding of the behavioral and evolutionary ecology of immature parasitoids. In this chapter i examine the behavioral ecology of the adult parasitoid.
Predators often cause prey to adopt defensive strategies that reduce predation risk. In the partial superparasitism area, the optimal strategy for a female is to decide randomly to oviposit in a parasitized host with a probability dependent on its initial egg. Developing parasitoids face a diversity of ecological constraints, and parasitism success involves decisions and responses made by immature parasitoids to find a host and solve conflicts with five potential antagonists. Braconidae, host range, idiobiosis, koinobiosis, specialisation. In this chapter we will write about parasitoid wasps, their evolutionary history, biology, developmental strategies, behavioral ecology, and multitrophic interactions. Parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and. Parasitoids may appear generalists, but careful ecological studies reveal a hidden complexity with an. In evolutionary ecology, a parasitoid is an organism that lives in close association with its host at the hosts expense, eventually resulting in the death of the host. Parasitoids parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. Does parasitoid attack strategy influence host specificity. Evolutionary ecology of trophically transmitted parasites armand m. This behavior was interpreted as a kinselected sacrifice 21 oct 2003 20. His current research is conducted on four host parasitoid systems at the university of leiden. Infanticide in a dryinid parasitoid, haplogonatopus.
The observed foraging behavior also varied with plant species. Abstract in almost all species of parasitic wasps in the coccophaginae, a subfamily of aphelinidae, males have host relationships different from females. Parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by. Parasitoid simple english wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. Behavioral ecology of pheromonemediated communication in moths and its importance in the use of pheromone traps. Siblicide and lifehistory evolution in parasitoids. A parasitoids success is partly due to its behavioral response to. Because adult size is often strongly influenced by host quality, a knowledge of this relationship is crucial in interpreting many aspects of parasitoid oviposition behavior.
H charles j godfray parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. Written by a team of leading international specialists, behavioral ecology of insect parasitoids examines the optimal behaviors that parasitoids exhibit in order to maximize long term offspring production. This usually results in the death of the host, which sets them apart from traditional parasites. Evolutionary ecology of the interactions between aphids and their. Parasitoid body size was a function of aphid size at parasitism. A major goal of population and community ecology is to characterize the evolutionary responses of animals to selective pressure from natural enemies singer and stireman 2005.
Evolutionary ecology of the interactions between aphids and their parasitoids ecologie. Parasitoids ecology and evolution frontiers research topic. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology monographs in behavior and. In recent years significant advances have been made in order to understand the chemical ecology of insect parasitoids. The ecology of fear examines these trait changes and their consequences. Endoparasitoids have a unique life cycle compared to most predators because they spend their entire larval stage developing within their prey godfray 1994. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology find, read and cite all the research you need on researchgate. He is a population biologist specializing in population genetics, behavioral ecology, and statistical modeling. A parasitoids success is partly due to its behavioral response. However the ecological and evolutionary consequences of these behaviors the ecology of disgust are seldom considered. Here, we address recent developments in parasitoid evolutionary history, developmental strategies, endosymbionts, behavioral ecology, and their role in natural and modified communities.
Immobility with fighting may provide a less stringent route from siblicidal behavior to nonsiblicidal behavior in parasitoids pexton and mayhew, 2001. Responses of parasitoids to infochemicals are increasingly studied with an integrated approach of mechanism and function. Parasitoidism is one of six major evolutionary strategies within parasitism, distinguished by the fatal prognosis for the host, which makes the strategy close to pre. He is an expert in the behavioral ecology and lifehistory evolution of parasitoids. Everyday low prices and free delivery on eligible orders. For example, chemical cues appear to play a key role in the host selection process adopted by insect parasitoids. Parasitoids species which lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species, the larvae feeding on and usually killing the host are important, both because of their use in controlling economic pest species, and also because of their recent use in testing many aspects of evolutionary theory. It is an essential reference for research scientists and students studying these fascinating insects or for anyone involved in using parasitoids in biological control programs. Many parasitoids have been shown to learn visual andor olfactory cues associated with hosts. We tested this hypothesis by modeling the invasion of alleles encoding for immobility and mobility under a range of scenarios within the framework of godfrays original models godfray, 1987. Godfray overview parasitoids lay their eggs on or in the bodies of other species of insect, and the parasitoid larvae develop by feeding on the host, causing its eventual death. Frontiers semiochemical exploitation of hostassociated. As g males are rare, there are two possible matings involving the immobility allele.
In response, parasitoids have evolved behavioural strategies in order to reduce the emission of alarm. Each of the parasitoid species responds to this mosaic at four different spatial scales that correspond to their relative body sizes. A classical example is a group of parasitoids exploiting a number of host patches together. Godfray, 1994, princeton university press edition, in english.
Pdf functional ecology of immature parasitoids luana. Known for their importance in regulating the population densities of pests, parasitoids have proven recently to be valuable tools with which to test aspects of evolutionary theory. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology monographs in behavior and ecology kindle edition by godfray, h. Behavioral ecology of insect parasitoids wiley online books. Behavioral and evolutionary ecology monographs in behavior and ecology by godfray, h. Jun 16, 2004 predicted optimal behaviour of a foraging solitary parasitoid as a function of its initial egg. Dec 20, 2016 the impact of this evolutionary trap for native parasitoids may be further exacerbated by the proposed introduction of the asian parasitoid trissolcus japonicus ashmead as a classical biological control agent against h.
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